Occupational exposure to the radiation workers in departments of radiation oncology, nuclear medicine & diagnostic radiology has been measured on monthly basis, using film badges, over a period of 5 years. Average monthly dose equivalent received by various subgroups was as follows: Students 0.08 mSv, staff nurses 0.08 mSv, attendants 0.09 mSv, consultants 0.09 mSv and technicians 0.12 mSv. The mean monthly dose equivalent received by a worker in radiotherapy department was 0.08 mSv, in diagnostic radiology 0.1 mSv and in nuclear medicine department 0.13 mSv. No case of genuine excessive exposure has been recorded. None of the radiation workers received dose more than the maximum permissible dose.

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Pregnant Swiss mice were exposed to single dose (- 9 mGy) of diagnostic X-rays on day 3.5 (preimplantation period), 6.5 (early organogenesis period) or 11.5 (late organogenesis period) of gestation. The experiment was conducted in 2 sets, (1) with two feeds of normal diet with milk protein (20%), (2) one feed with milk protein and second feed with high protein (38%) fish meal. The offspring was observed for any radiation induced changes in litter size at birth, sex ratio at 4 weeks of age and postnatal mortality, body weight and body length upto 6 weeks of age. Irradiation at the early organogenesis produced an increase in the postnatal death. A significant reduction in postnatal body weight and length was observed in the groups exposed at the early and late organogenesis periods but recovery was evident in the former by 6th week after birth. There was no noticeable influence of diet on the pattern of radiation effects though a high protein diet helped in faster recovery. The results indicate that even a single exposure to about 1 cGy of low energy X-rays can be harmful to the growing embryos and the extent of damage and recovery depends on the stage of development at the time of irradiation

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The present study observes the effect of Chemotherapy on secondaries in liver of breast carcinoma, proving the role of liver scintigraphy as an objective tool. During a period of two years liver scintigraphy was done in 2566 patients of whom 592 patients were cases of carcinoma breast. Out of these 592 patients 81 patients showed secondaries in liver confirmed by hepatic scintigraphy. But only 14 patients of secondaries in liver of breast carcinoma, received chemotherapy and were also available for fallow up for post chemotherapy liver scan. Consequently a comparison between pre and post chemotherapy liver scan showed the effect of chemotherapy. Fourteen patients GP A (7 pts) was given classical CMF (Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate and 5 Flurouracil) regime and GP B (7 pts) was given a combination chemotherapy consisting of more than 3 drugs. In GP A, 4 out of 7 pts (57.14%) and in GP 8, 6 out of 7 pts (85.7%) showed the improvement. This suggests that Chemotherapy is effective in metastatic liver of Ca breast and multiple drug combination therapy is more effective than the classical CMF regime. Further liver scintigraphy is a useful indicator for assessing the response

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A confirmed case of carcinoma of the middle third of the oesophagus was treated by external radiation by parallel opposed fields to the dose of 3500 cGy/3 weeks/15 fractions. Three weeks later the patient was given intraluminal irradiation by using the Selectron bougie and was treated by Selectron HDR 60co to a dose of 1200 cGy 0.5 cms from the surface of the applicator. Patient was subsequently kept only on follow up. Till the last follow up, 18 months after start of treatment the patient continues to be asymptomatic. The methodology and dosimetric considerations are discussed.

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Advanced cancers of head & neck when treated by the normal once a day treatment do not yield complete tumor control, Radio-biological research have predicted that the use of multiple fractions a day with dose per fraction of around 1 Gy would be an economic method of achieving better tumor control. The application of Linear Quadratic model to multifraction treatments a day was extended by Dale. He gave equations for Relative Effectiveness (RE) values for 2,3,4 fractions per day. These equations are quite complicated. Calculation of RE values from these equations is quite tedious and takes considerable amount of time if done on electronic calculators. Most of the hospitals in India do not have computers and hence these equations cannot be used for the evaluation of RE values. It was therefore, decided to undertake their evaluation and present them in the form of tables. It was found that the RE values decrease with the increase of inter-treatment interval. The values are found to increase with increase of repair half life. The RE value when plotted against a/p, forms a rectangular hyperbola. Further the RE values are found to be directly proportional to dose per fraction

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Performance characteristics of a versatile and inexpensive plastic scintillator are described. This detector system is sensitive enough to be useful for 1-137 uptake studies and can also be utilised to monitor patients administered with therapeutic quantities of radioactivity. The uptake values obtained by this system are compared to the ones obtained using Nal(TI) detector. Statistical analysis of the data does not demonstrate any Significant difference between the two values.

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