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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2007 | Volume
: 32
| Issue : 1 | Page : 12-17 |
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Advantages of mini-multileaf in stereotactic radiotherapy
PGG Kurup, V Murali, A Sankar
Department of Radiotherapy, Apollo Specialty Hospital, Chennai, India
Correspondence Address:
A Sankar
Department of Radiotherapy, Apollo Speciality Hospital, 320, Mount Road, Chennai - 600 035
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.31144
 Abstract | | |
Over the past few decades, cones of different diameter (12.5 mm to 40 mm) were used for treatment of intracranial lesions. These give very focused dose delivery to the target with minimum dose to outside normal brain tissues. This study is intended to compare the older method of arc-based stereotactic treatments using cones with the new mini-multileaf collimator (mMLC). Treatment plans are made for various sites of intracranial lesions with the cones and mMLC. In case of nonspherical lesions, more than one isocenter is used to get an optimum dose distribution with cones, while a single isocenter is sufficient with mMLC. Treatment plans are compared for irregular lesions using cones with multiple isocenters and mMLC. It is observed that conformity index and dose heterogeneity are better for mMLC based treatments.
Keywords: Dose-volume histograms, mini-multileaf collimator, stereotactic radiosurgery
How to cite this article:
Kurup P, Murali V, Sankar A. Advantages of mini-multileaf in stereotactic radiotherapy. J Med Phys 2007;32:12-7 |
| Introduction | |  |
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is a treatment of choice for small well-defined intracranial lesions. Initially, when SRT was started, only small spherical lesions were considered for these procedures using circular cones fitted to linear accelerators. Very precise gadgets were used for localization of the isocenter during the entire course of treatment.[1] Subsequently nonspherical lesions (elliptical or irregularly shaped) were also considered for stereotactic treatment. Adequate dose uniformity to nonspherical lesions with sparing of normal tissue was possible by using multiple cones and isocenters[2],[3],[4] [Figure - 1]. There can be two or more isocenters and of varying sizes of cones depending on the shape and size of the lesion to be treated. By this method it is always seen an overlapping region of two cones where the total dose would be 140-200% of the prescribed tumor dose. In this situation the patient has to be set for each isocenter one after the other. The procedure will be more time-bound and may lead to errors in routine set-up for treatment.
By the advent of mini multi leaf collimator (mMLC), the above problems are solved to a great extent.[5] A near circular or elliptical dose distribution also is possible with this kind of mini multileaf shaping, though not entirely circular or elliptical. The biggest advantage is the uniform dose achievement in the target with a single isocenter. Usually, the width of each leaf is around 2.5 mm to 3 mm at the isocenter though it is known that smaller the leaf width, better is the dose conformity, with greater normal tissue sparing.
The dosimetric comparisons are made using circular cones and mMLC, where mMLC has shown to have a marginal advantage in near spherical lesions and considerable benefits in irregularly shaped lesions. In general, while analyzing the dose distribution and dose volume histograms (DVHs), similar results are seen for spherical lesions, whereas mMLC-based radiosurgery spares more normal tissues and results in more uniform dose to the lesions.
There are a few suppliers of mMLC. They are mainly BrainLab GmBH (Germany), Radionics RSA(USA), Direx (UK), Siemens OCS (USA) etc. The maximum size of mMLC shape possible is around 10 cm x10 cm and the leaf width at isocenter varies from 2.5 to 3.0 mm.
| Materials and Methods | | |
In our hospital, stereotactic procedures started in 1995 with cones supplied by M/s Radionics. Arc-based SRS/SRT treatments were carried out using cones. Irregular lesions were treated with multiple isocenters and spherical / near spherical lesions with single isocenter. Subsequently, mini MLC was procured from BrainLab, which eases the treatment of irregular lesions with a higher conformity.
In stereotactic radiotherapy procedures, CT images are taken as the gold standard for accurate localization purpose. The MRI images may have distortions and hence errors might occur in accuracy. The CT images are normally taken at 2 mm to 3 mm slice thickness and these images are transferred to treatment planning system online. If online facility is not available, transfer through CDs is possible. The MRI is taken routinely and the images are sent to planning system either online or offline. Structures are drawn in both CT and MRI images and are fused by image fusion technique for planning purpose. These images have to be Dicom compatible for use in the planning system. The fusion accuracy of structures in CT and MRI is verified in transverse, coronal and sagittal views with the help of spyglass [Figure - 2]. In the event of improper fusion, manual adjustments are made and fused accurately, till a proper correlation is achieved in the anatomical structures of the two sets.
Treatment plans are done with circular arc technique using cones, conformal arc technique using mMLC. The treatment plans are done only for comparative study and not used for patient treatment. Six cases have been chosen for the study. In two cases the target is more spherical in shape and in the remaining four, the target is irregularly shaped. Hence the cases are categorized as spherical and irregularly shaped targets. For the spherical targets, single isocenter is used for planning with cones and mMLC. A margin of 2 mm is added to the spherical targets for the conformal arc plan with mMLC. The cones are chosen in such a way that the aperture size is at least 2 mm bigger than the maximum diameter of the target. For the irregularly shaped targets no margin is added for the circular arc plans with cones or conformal arc plans with mMLC.
Basis for evaluation of treatment plans
The treatment plans generated with cones and mMLC are evaluated on the basis of conformity index (CI 95 ) pertaining to 95% isodose line[6] and dose heterogeneity (DH) within the tumor volume.
Conformity Index is defined as:
CI 95 =1+ V normal tissue /V ctv
Where V normal tissue and V ctv are the volumes of normal tissue and CTV, respectively comprised within the 95% isodose line.
The DH has been defined as a variation of the dose within the tumor volume, as described by Nezdi et al .[7]
DH=(D max - D min)/ D median
Where D max, D min and D median are the maximum, minimum and median dose to the CTV respectively. The DH describes the slope of the cumulative DVH for CTV.
The conformity index and dose homogeneity values for the spherical targets and irregularly shaped targets are shown in [Table - 1][Table - 2].
| Results and Discussion | | |
We had been using circular collimators from Radionics since 1995 for SRT and radiosurgery. One to five isocenters were used depending upon the shape of lesion. During the past two years, we are treating with mMLC from M/s. BrainLab GmBH, Germany, which has a leaf width of 3 mm. Comparison of dose distribution was made between circular arc plans with cones and conformal arc plans with mMLC. Typical dose distributions in axial, coronal and sagittal planes are shown in [Figure - 3],[Figure - 4],[Figure - 5],[Figure - 6],[Figure - 7],[Figure - 8] for spherical and irregular-shaped targets.
On analyzing the plans with respect to the target coverage, the CI 95 for conformal arc plans with mMLC is very much better than the plans with cones. The dose uniformity (calculated in terms of dose heterogeneity, DH) is also much better with conformal arc plans using mMLC. The DH for the plans with cones is roughly about three times that of mMLC plans [Table - 2]. In multiple isocenter plans depending on the overlap of the cones and individual isocenter dose, significant volume of the target volume is receiving the higher dose like 110%, 125%, 150% and 175% [Table - 3].
When single isocenter is used (for spherical lesions), cone-based radiosurgery spares more normal tissue compared to mMLC-based radiosurgery, especially at high-dose regions as seen in [Figure - 9] and[Figure - 10]. Typical DVH for spherical lesions by circular arc plan using cone and conformal arc plan using mMLC are shown in [Figure - 11]a and b.
Compared to the plans using cones with two or more isocenters for irregular lesions, mMLC-based treatment plans give better normal tissue sparing as shown in [Figure - 12] a and b. The volume of the normal tissue lying within 95% isodose is expressed as the percentage of the total volume of the target. In addition, the dose to critical structures adjacent to the target volume is also less in conformal arc plans, with a more homogeneous dose to the target [Figure - 13] a, b and c.
In the case of treatment planning for irregular targets, it takes a much longer time to generate an acceptable plan with cones when multiple isocenters are used. There should not be any overlapping of two arcs of the multiple isocenter. Usually the number of arcs is restricted to the availability of space (between two arcs in this situation) which also makes the dose to normal tissue higher. Moreover set-up time for multiple isocenters consumes a lot of machine hours and man-hours especially for stereotactic radiotherapy.
| Conclusions | | |
Better dose conformity can be achieved for irregular-shaped targets using mMLC-based radiosurgery. Because of better conformity the dose to normal tissues is less in mMLC-based plans compared to cone-based multiple isocenter radiosurgery. The multiple isocenter technique used in cone-based radiosurgery results in a high degree of dose heterogeneity in the overlapping regions. DH is better in mMLC-based radiosurgery even for highly irregular-shaped targets.
| References | | |
| 1. | Loeffler JS, Alexander E 3rd. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in management of intracranial tumors. Oncology 1990;4:21-31.  [PUBMED] |
| 2. | Shiu AS, Kooy HM, Ewton JR, Tung SS, Wong J, Antes K, et al . Comparison of miniature multileaf collimation (mMLC) with circular collimation for stereotactic treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37:679-88. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 3. | Ramani R, O'Brien PF, Davey P, Schwartz ML, Young CS, Lightstone AW, et al . Implementation of multiple isocenter treatment for dynamic radiosurgery. Br J Radiol 1995;68:731-5. [PUBMED] |
| 4. | Urie MM, Lo YC, Litofsky S, FitzGerald TJ. Miniature multileaf collimator as an alternative to traditional circular collimators for stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2001;76:47-62. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Kubo HD, Pappas CT, Wilder RB. Comparison of arc-based and static minimultileaf collimator based radiosurgery treatment plans. Radiother Oncol 1997;45:89-93. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 6. | Verellen D, Linthout N, Soete G, Acker SV, Pasty De Roover, Strome G. Considerations on treatment efficiency of different conformal radiation therapy techniques for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2002;63:27-36. |
| 7. | Nedzi LA, Kooy H, Alexander E 3rd, Gelman RS, Loeffler JS. Variables associated with the development of complications from radiosurgery of intracranial tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:591-9. [PUBMED] |
Figures
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3], [Figure - 4], [Figure - 5], [Figure - 6], [Figure - 7], [Figure - 8], [Figure - 9], [Figure - 10], [Figure - 11], [Figure - 12], [Figure - 13] Tables
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]
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